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Last update 9Mar14 |
Background
There are a large number of roads, particularly in the western half of the United States, that are located on American Indian Reservations. There are about 310 such reservations as reviewed by the United States Department of the Interior's (DOI) Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). While the map shows only only the continental United States, reservations exists in Alaska and Hawaii. Navajo Nation is the largest and is about the same size as West Virginia. Twelve of the reservations are larger than Rhode Island. Wikipedia maintains a list of the largest Indian reservations and the states in which they are located.
These roads may be a mix of US government, public, tribal, and some private roads. Because most tribal lands are considered independent government entities, coordination and uniformity are not always clear. Public roads provide access to and within Indian reservations, Indian trust land, restricted Indian land, and Alaska native villages. Approximately 29,000 miles are under the jurisdiction of BIA and tribes and another 73,000 miles are under State and local ownership.
Waze & Reservation Roads
Tribal lands and Indian Reservations have resident communities that will utilize Waze, they are a destination for tourism, and they may be a critical viable route for travel through a region. Casinos are also located on a large number of reservations across the country, which will add more regular traffic to those regions. Because of this Waze editors should be concerned with a robust representation of roads and landmark content for these areas in the Waze Map.
This page provides some guidance on editing roads on these reservations as we seek to achieve these things in Waze editing:
- Common or standardized naming of roads
- Preventing routing through private roads
- Functional classification of roads to Waze road types
- Identifying critical landmarks for navigation and destinations.
Reservation Road Naming
As mentioned elsewhere in this article, the types of roads on an Indian Reservation can be of many types and coordination among Reservations and road-naming officials are not always clear. Because of this the following order of preference is suggested in how to name roads on an Indian Reservation unless there is a specific reservation standard:
- US Freeways
- US Highways
- State Highways
- As marked locally (check in person or use Street View)
- Example, "Navajo Route xxx"
- Through standard route designations with common format
- BIA-xxx for roads in the BIA system
- IRR-xxx for roads with a route designation within the IRR system
- ITR-xxx for Tribal Road or Indian Tribal Road
Waze base map naming conventions have been found to be somewhat random in rural areas. For example, a particular road may be named "Indian Service Route XXX," "Indian Service Rte XXX," "Indian Svc Rte XXX," or "IS Rt XXX" along its length. Without higher-level precedent in the above list, it is suggested these all be named "IRR-xxx" for that road.
Specific Reservation Standards
Certain Indian Reservations, particularly those with larger regions, may have standards or preferences for road naming. This section is intended to identify those standards.
Located in Arizona, Utah, and New Mexico, the Navajo Nation is more than three times the land area of the next largest reservation and has ten times the total population. It has a Department of Transportation that has significant map resources. This reservation has had names on the base map such as "Navajo Service Route," "Navajo Route," and others.
<still researching>
Reservation Road Typing
The choice of road types (street, primary street, highway, etc.) for Indian Reservations, particularly those that are rural, may be different from urban areas. Many dirt roads are considered essential, are well maintained, and well traveled. These roads, although made of dirt, might be considered streets or primary streets in the region. If these roads are marked as dirt, they would be rendered less likely by Waze for routing.
Specific functional classification of Indian reservation roads may be found, in part, through the BIA database. This functional classification is not identical to Waze and other municipalities. The coding guide can be found at the BIA link above; the classification table is reproduced here for convenience:
| Number | Description | Suggested Waze Type |
| 1 | Major arterial roads providing an integrated network with characteristics for serving traffic between large population centers, generally without stub connections and having average daily traffic volumes of 10,000 vehicles per day or more with more than two lanes of traffic. | Minor Hwy |
| 2 | Rural minor arterial roads providing an integrated network having the characteristics for serving traffic between large population centers, generally without stub connections. May also link smaller towns and communities to major resort areas that attract travel over long distances and generally provide for relatively high overall travel speeds with minimum interference to through traffic movement. Generally provide for at least inter-county or inter-state service and are spaced at intervals consistent with population density. This class of road will have less than 10,000 vehicles per day. | Primary Street |
| 3 | Streets that are located within communities serving residential areas. | Street |
| 4 | Rural major collector road is collector to rural local roads. | Street or Primary Street |
| 5 | Rural local road that is either a section line and/or stub type roads, make connections within the grid of the IRR system. This class of road may serve areas around villages, into farming areas, to schools, tourist attractions, or various small enterprises. Also included are roads and motorized trails for administration of forests, grazing, mining, oil, recreation, or other use purposes. | Street |
| 6 | City minor arterial streets that are located within communities, and serve as access to major arterials. | Street |
| 7 | City collector streets that are located within communities and serve as collectors to the city local streets. | Street or Primary Street |
| 8 | This class encompasses all non-road projects such as paths, trails, walkways, or other designated types of routes for public use by foot traffic, bicycles, trail bikes, snowmobiles, all terrain vehicles, or other uses to provide for the general access of non-vehicular traffic. | Do not map |
| 9 | This classification encompasses other transportation facilities such as public parking facilities adjacent to IRR routes and scenic byways, rest areas, and other scenic pullouts, ferry boat terminals, and transit terminals. | Street, Parking Lot |
| 10 | This classification encompasses airstrips that are within the boundaries of the IRR system grid and are open to the public. These airstrips are included for inventory and maintenance purposes only. | Do not map |
| 11 | This classification indicates an overlapping or previously inventoried section or sections of a route and is used to indicate that it is not to be used for accumulating needs data. This class is used for reporting and identification purposes only. | Do not map |
Reservation Landmarks
Landmarks on Indian Reservations should generally follow guidance for all landmarks in the United States. [link TBD] Specific guidance for Indian Reservations is as follows:
Area and Point Places to Consider
- Visitor centers
- Casinos (Map building and parking lot)
- Tourist attractions
- Gas / Food / Lodging
- Airports
Landmarks to Avoid
- Private religious areas
- Private ceremonial areas
- Other private areas
References
List of Indian Reservations
Wikipedia provides a List of Indian Reservations that might be useful at finding tribe-specific and reservation-specific details such as tourist attractions for landmarks, road names, etc.
BIA Indian Reservation Road (IRR) Program
Details about the BIA's Indian Reservation Roads (IRR) Program can be found at their website. Utility of this information is that it provides access to a list of roads, although obscure, that might be useful in Waze editing.
The IRR Inventory is a database of all transportation facilities eligible for IRR Program funding and therefore will indicate ownership, the route number, may indicate that a BIA-xxx name is appropriate for a road, and identify the classification. The database is full of other information not relevant to Waze editing such as bridge numbers, traffic volumes, and maintenance responsibility.
The Navajo Nation has the largest inventory of roads of all Indian reservations. Resources include the Navajo Division of Transportation website and the Navajo Airports website.
Of particular use to the Waze Editor for the Navajo Nation will be the Navajo DOT Maps webpage where you can find the Navajo Nation definition of tribal roads, BIA roads, IRR Inventory roads, as well as State and US Highways.
Similar Road Systems
References
(1) Discussions with BIA staff.